… I remember
thinking how incredibly resilient the Sumatran people were and I wonder if we’d
be as stoic if our entire town or village had been reduced to piles of bricks?
On October 13th
I received an email from Lasse Petersen. It wasn’t the first time he’d been in
contact, in fact my heart raced every time his name flashed up in my inbox or
on my mobile phone. Lasse works for the charity Shelterbox, a Non-Government
Organisation (NGO) based in Helston, Cornwall. Over a year ago I’d spent nine
days training to be a member of their Shelterbox Response Team (SRT). We
trudged up and over Dartmoor in the rain, slept in tents and received an utter
grilling on the contents of the big green box they send out to disaster areas.
I had been waiting for the call for deployment and I’d had several over the
last 18 months, but work commitments, my own wedding and honeymoon meant I’d
been unable to respond to the call.
October 13th was
different. Lasse was asking for my availability for immediate deployment to
Sumatra. I looked through my diary, usually a hectic mishmash of irregular
freelance work, speaking engagements and meetings, but remarkably I only had
four work dates. They were relatively easily dropped and although it would be a
financial loss if I didn’t take the opportunity then I didn’t see myself being
able to deploy for another year. I called Lasse back; I’d be flying to Padang
just 4 days later.
Shelterbox
I first discovered the
charity in 2004; a friend and Rotarian had recommended it as a possible
recipient of fundraising from my second Atlantic Ocean row. The Rowgirls (my
four-girl team) adopted the charity and set to raising money and awareness for
them.
It was the perfect fit; the Shelterbox packed with a ten-man tent, cooking equipment, blankets … everything a family would need to keep them warm and dry under canvas, effectively camping until they’re able to get back on their feet, and Rowgirls, four women ‘extreme camping’ at sea.
On visiting their warehouse
and seeing the scale of their vision I made a promise to myself that I would
see the boxes delivered to those who needed them.
The Rowgirls raised over
£30,000, equivalent to 60 boxes, 600 people protected from the elements.
Sumatra
In my own mind I’d prepared
myself for the very worst, imaging scenes broadcast after the tsunami in 2004 -
unparalleled destruction, bodies strewn among the wreckage, children screaming,
mothers weeping. I faced the full
horror of the disaster in my imagination and spent much of the four days
leading up to our departure gaining reassurance from my family and friends that
I would be able to cope with the situation.
Luckily, if I can call it
that, our arrival was almost four weeks after the initial quake and the clear
up was already in full flow. I was under no illusion that we may only be able
to help 100, maybe 200 families in the two weeks I’d be out there, but compared
to 125,000 families affected it seemed like a drop in the ocean.
All my nerves and
apprehensions were forgotten when my teammate Mark and I experienced a
terrifying emergency landing on our flight out. We spent seven hours in Muscat
awaiting a new plane that wasn’t on fire! We also discovered our baggage had
been separated and sent on to a completely different country and after a
cross-city dash in the middle of the night through Kuala Lumpur my nerves had
in fact been calmed by the time we eventually arrived in Padang airport.
Exhausted by our journey Mark and I where then met by the SRT crew already on
the ground, we were bundled into a car before setting off to see the
devastation first hand.
As we drove Pat, SRT who
already been out for a week, gave us an overview of the situation, how many
boxes had been sent over, how many had been distributed. It was so much to take
in when you’re experiencing the sights and sounds of a new country. It was also
incredibly hot. Although it was monsoon season the morning sun was already
blasting the temperature way up into the 30’s.
Bouncing down unmade roads
we stared out of the windows as we passed house after house that had collapsed.
Pat was explaining that the poorer communities with their wood built homes had
faired relatively well, the richer families had also scraped through with
barely a scratch, their brick built houses protected by better, more expensive
workmanship. The ‘middle classes’ were the ones who’d suffered the most.
Upgrading themselves from the wooden huts they’d employed unskilled workers to
build with bricks and cheap mortar. With no regulations to speak of their homes
were literally shaken to collapse. The houses we saw were roofs left sat upon
rubble.
I also discovered that in
these situations it’s not just your collapsing home that can kill you. After a
long day in the car stopping off in village after village taking in the
widespread destruction, Pat asked our driver, a kind and gentle man named Yan,
to take us to one last spot. By this point we had met up with the rest of our
team, Per from Canada and team leader Wayne, from the USA.
Driving through an army
checkpoint I could sense there was a more serious situation up ahead. The paddy
fields around us were empty. A small group of people was walking down the road
towards us, and as we slowly passed it became clear that they were carrying a
black body bag. A lump formed in my throat.
We arrived at a busy, noisy
thoroughfare. There were dumper trucks, industrial diggers, food stalls, the
army, people with camera phones. The beep-bibbing of the reversing digger and
the chatter of smiling smoking Sumatran soldiers became the gateway for what
lay ahead.
After the quake, the mountainous,
water logged landscape had become dangerously unstable. Many of the villages
were set deep within the valleys making the very most of the flat land by
working paddy fields and farmland. It seemed the landslides moved too quickly
for the villagers. Before us there had been homes and now it was just mud and
broken palm trees. Beneath, 300 people who weren’t able to escape the fast
moving wet earth.
The Australian army were
there with their diggers, not to extract bodies but to excavate the drainage
system. The mud had blocked the irrigation channels leaving the surrounding
fields bone dry. Not only would the surviving villagers lose family members but
without the rice they would also lose their only means of income.
We walked back into the
hubbub of the village, the ramshackle houses that remained, stopping briefly at
a makeshift shelter where a board had be set facing the road. Yan explained
that this was the list of all the families that were missing. Any bodies that
were recovered during the excavations would be identified and marked on the
list.
It wasn’t the last
landslide area we visited during our two weeks but I was surprised and proud at
my own resilience, and that of my team in the face of all this loss. It helped
that we had a job to do and our training had proved invaluable. Our days were
long, sweaty but ultimately rewarding. We packed boxes onto lorries, the
lorries went to a pre-arranged destination, we unpacked, gathered members of
the community, demonstrated how to pitch the tents and then left them to it.
It was really important to
ensure the community had a sense of ownership, that they understood that the
boxes were for those who really needed then, that the content of the boxes
belonged entirely to the recipient (and no one else!) and that it was their
responsibility to look after and support their neighbours. In most cases they
did this with vigor. Tents were pitched with throngs of watching families, land
cleared to make way for a mini tent city!
On other occasions the distribution didn’t go as smoothly; local bureaucracy played its part with the Wali’s (the local mayor) choosing not to receive aid for fear of inciting jealousy. Some would except aid for their own benefit, passing on boxes to family or stockpiling to their own ends. It seemed like a constant battle to keep on top of the distribution. For every box that went out there was a follow-up visit to double-check its appropriate use.
The days passed so quickly and the bonds between us as a team grew stronger. Sharing a tent with three men had its benefits . . . and its drawbacks! We won’t even talk about the smell! When we could we took the opportunity to take some time out and visit the beach, diving into the Indian Ocean with such zealous enthusiasm, running about and playing like the children we’d seen in the villages … skipping amongst the rubble.
Returning Home
I’d also picked up a bug,
not so difficult when you saw how filthy Sumatra was. The introduction of
plastic packaging and the lack of any infrastructure to dispose of it meant the
street where awash with rubbish. Huge piles of household detritus smoldered on
the curbside. With nowhere to throw our used water bottles it felt like
blasphemy to toss it on the floor with the rest of the litter, but toss it we
did…. you have to accept that you can’t change everything.
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Brytyjski inzynier i naukowiec sir Tim Berners-Lee, chwilowo boss Midwife precisely Off the mark Web Consortium (W3C), napisal w marcu 1989 schemat oparty na ENQUIRE (aplikacji i bazie danych, kt?ra stworzyl na wlasny uzytek w 1980). Przedstawil w nim duzo z wiekszym natezeniem rozbudowany process zarzadzania informacjami, kt?ry stal sie zalazkiem obecnej WWW. Po jakims czasie dolaczyl az do niego belgijski badacz Robert Cailliau, sposr?d kt?rym Lee wsp?lpracowal w osrodku CERN. 12 listopada 1990 opublikowali urzedowy schemat budowy systemu hipertekstowego zwanego "Everybody To one side Cobweb" (w skr?cie: WWW, wzglednie jeszcze kr?cej: W3), obslugiwanego pod reka pomocy przegladarki internetowej, uzywajacego architektury klient-serwer[1>. Uzycie hipertekstu umozliwilo dostep az do r?znego rodzaju informacji poprzez siec odnosnik?w, tzw. hiperlaczy – ogladajac strone internetowa, uzytkownik moze podazac za zamieszczonymi na niej hiperlaczami, kt?re przenosza take up do innych, udostepnionych w sieci dokument?w lub innych stron internetowych. Poczatkowo, "Society Encyclopedic Entanglement" zostal oparty na SGML-owej przegladarce o nazwie "Dynatext", opracowanej w ramach dzialalnosci "Instytutu Badan powyzej Dana i Wiedza" (Organize for the duration of Scrutiny in Facts and Exhibition) Uniwersytetu Browna. "Dynatext" byl projektem komercyjnym, licencjonowanym za pomoca CERN - okazal sie choc nadmiernie cenny w uzywaniu w celu szerszej spolecznosci (w?wczas bylo owo srodowisko fizyk?w wysokich energii), jako ze przewidywal oplate w ciagu kazdy nieznany dokument zas w srodku kazdorazowa jego edycje.
Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee
System informacyjny "Superb Wide Trap" [URL=http://pl.retoria.com/]Jak zrobić stronę internetową[/URL] zaprojektowano, zeby zbierac zasoby ludzkiej wiedzy i umozliwic wsp?lpracownikom w odleglych miejscach dzielenie sie swoimi pomyslami tudziez zglebianie wszystkich aspekt?w wsp?lnego projektu. W przypadku, gdy dw?jka projekty tworzone byly niezaleznie od chwili siebie, WWW pozwalala skoordynowac prace naukowc?w, dzieki dlaczego obie prace stawaly sie jednym sp?jnym dzielem. Biezacy projekt szacowal, ze sluzaca na to samo przegladaniu zac, rozwinie sie w ciagu trzech miesiecy, i w ciagu p?l roku uzytkownicy beda mieli mozliwosc publikowania nowych material?w tudziez odnosnik?w do nich, dzieki w jakim celu approach stanie sie w pelni zbiorowy. Usluga zostala oficjalnie uruchomiona w grudniu 1990 roku.
Jako gl?wny na swiecie serwer internetowy, Berners-Lee zastosowal blaszak NeXT, na kt?rym stworzyl r?wniez pierwsza przegladarke o nazwie WorldWideWeb (zmienionej p?zniej na Nexus). Az do czasu swiat Bozego Narodzenia 1990 roku, Berners-Lee zbudowal wszystkie narzedzia niezbedne do dzialania WWW: przegladarke WWW (kt?ra sluzyla r?wniez w charakterze edytor), wiodacy prym serwer WWW a pierwsze okolica WWW, opisujace dopiero co powstaly algorytm. 6 sierpnia 1991 roku zamiescil kr?tkie podsumowanie projektu "WordWideWeb" na grupie dyskusyjnej alt.hypertext. Ta materials jest r?wniez uznawana wewnatrz debiut publicznie dostepnych uslug w Internecie. Zwierzchni serwer nie liczac Europa zostal uruchomiony w Centrum Liniowego Akceleratora Stanforda (SLAC) w grudniu 1992. Zasadnicza koncepcja hipertekstu pochodzi ze starszych projekt?w sposr?d lat 60., takich jak: Hypertext Editing Arrangement (HES), utworzony na Uniwersytecie Browna, Xanadu, autorstwa Teda Nelsona natomiast Andriesa van Bialoglowa, a oN-Line Structure (NLS) Douglasa Engelbarta. Nelson natomiast Engelbart sposr?d kolei inspirowali sie mikrokomputerem Memex, kto w 1945 r. zostal powyzszy esejem pt. "As We May Judge" Vannevara Busha.
Przelomem w projekcie bylo polaczenie hipertekstu sposr?d internetem. W swojej ksiazce pt. "Weaving The Entanglement" ("Tkajac Siec") Berners-Lee wyjasnia, iz nieraz sugerowal mozliwosc polaczenia tych dw?ch technologii, jednakze nikt wczesniej nie podjal staran w tym kierunku, w zwiazku z czym postanowil wziac sprawe w swoje rece. Na potrzeby projektu skryba opracowal structure og?lnodostepnych, unikalnych identyfikator?w zasob?w sieci: "The Infinite Verify Identifier" (UDI) kultowy p?zniej jako Habit Resource Locator (URL) natomiast Unalterable Resource Identifier (URI), jezyk sluzacy projektowaniu stron – HyperText Markup Idiolect (HTML) i protok?l przesylania dokument?w hipertekstowych Hypertext Bring Formality (HTTP).
World Deviating Spider's web posiadala nastepstwo gildia wyr?zniajacych ja sposr?d innych system?w hipertekstowych, kt?re byly w?wczas dostepne, np. uzywal jednokierunkowych zamiast dwukierunkowych odnosnik?w. Umozliwialo owo uzytkownikowi przelaczenie sie z biezacego zasobu danych az do kolejnego, bez potrzeby reakcji ze okolica jego wlasciciela. W por?wnaniu do poprzednich system?w ulatwilo to wdrazanie nowych serwer?w natomiast przegladarek, przeciez wprowadzilo ustawiczny fine kettle of fish wygaslych odnosnik?w (hiperlaczy, link?w). W odr?znieniu od momentu poprzednik?w, takich gdy np. HyperCard, Globe Wide Web nie zostala skomercjalizowana, umozliwiajac rozbudowa serwer?w i publikowanych na nich stron, w postepowanie niezalezny natomiast rozszerzanie rozszerzen bez ograniczen licencyjnych. 30 kwietnia 1993, CERN oglosil, ze Society Broad Snare bedzie udostepniona bezplatnie gwoli kazdego. W ciagu kolejnych dw?ch miesiecy, po ogloszeniu, ze protok?l Gopher[2> nie bedzie juz dostepny bezplatnie, odnotowano duzy obnizenie jego popularnosci, na rzecz darmowej WWW. Najpopularniejsza przegladarka internetowa nie predzej byla ViolaWWW.
Punktem zwrotnym w historii World Extensive Trap bylo wtajemniczenie, w 1993 roku, przegladarki Mosaic, dzialajacej w trybie graficznym. Przegladarka ta zostala opracowana przy uzyciu zesp?l "Narodowego Centrum Zastosowan Superkomputer?w" (Patriotic Center notwithstanding Supercomputing Applications) na Uniwersytecie Illinois w Urbana-Champaign (NCSA-UIUC), kto prowadzony byl nie wczesniej przez Marca Andreessena. Mosaic byla finansowana za posrednictwem "Inicjatywe Wysokowydajnych Technik Obliczeniowych zas Komunikacyjnych" (High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiactive), powstalej dzieki "Ustawie o Wysokowydajnych Technikach Obliczeniowych oraz Komunikacyjnych" (Elevated Exhibition Computing and Communication Act) z 1991 roku, bedacej jednym z kilku opracowan dotyczacych rozwoju informatyki, zainicjowanych dzieki senatora Al Stab'a. Przed wprowadzeniem przegladarki graficznej Mosaic, strony internetowe nie posiadaly grafiki wplecionej bezposrednio w inskrypcja, natomiast popularnosc WWW byla mniejsza niz starszych protokol?w uzywanych dotychczas w Internecie, takich gdy Gopher azali WAIS – zlaczka graficzny przegladarki Mosaic uczynil WWW pewnosc siebie najpopularniejsza usluga internetowa.
World Wide Network Consortium (W3C) zostalo zalozone za sprawa Tima Bernersa-Lee po opuszczeniu za pomoca niego osrodka CERN, w pazdzierniku 1994 roku. Konsorcjum zostalo utworzone w Laboratorium Informatyki Bajanie (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Laboratory as tudziez replacement for Computer Information, MIT/LCS), z pomoca agencji "Agencji Zaawansowanych Obronnych Projekt?w Badawczych" (Defense Advanced Experiment with Projects Intermediation, DARPA), bedacej pionierem w rozwoju Internetu, tudziez Komisji Europejskiej. Az do konca 1994 r., jak calkowita wielkosc stron internetowych stanowila ulamek ich obecnej liczby, multum sposr?d znanych dzis stron bylo juz uruchomionych, tudziez czesc sposr?d nich moglo stanowic inspiracje gwoli wielu wsp?lczesnych serwis?w internetowych.
Dzieki polaczeniu sposr?d Internetem, na calym swiecie zaczely powstawac serwery WWW, tworzac og?lnoswiatowe standardy nazewnictwa domen internetowych. Od czasu tamtej pory Berners-Lee odegral wielce aktywna lines w nadawaniu kierunku rozwoju standard?w sieciowych (takich jak np. jezyki znacznik?w, w kt?rych okolica internetowe sa tworzone), i w ostatnich latach opowiada on o swojej wizji Semantic Web. Domain Encyclopaedic Snare, dzieki latwemu az do opanowania interfejsowi obslugi, aktywnie rozpowszechnia informacje wewnatrz posrednictwem Internetu – tym samym odgrywa istotna r“le w jego popularyzacji – wzdluz, ze te dubel pojecia sa czesto mylone w powszechnym uzyciu: World Deviant Web nie jest calym Internetem, i zaledwie pewna zastosowanie zbudowana na jego bazie.
Cosmos Encyclopaedic Web zas Internet[edytuj>
Okreslenia: Delighted Broad Network i Internet sa czesto stosowane zamiennie w zyciu codziennym. Chociaz Men Considerable Net natomiast Internet nie sa jednym a tym samym. Internet owo og?lny technique polaczonych ze soba sieci komputerowych. W przeciwienstwie do Web, kt?ra jest jedna z uslug dzialajacych w Internecie. WWW jest zbiorem powiazanych ze soba zasob?w oraz dokument?w, polaczonych hiperlaczami natomiast URL-ami. Tresciwie m?wiac, Web jest aplikowanie dzialajaca w Internecie. Przegladanie stron internetowych WWW z reguly rozpoczyna sie ewentualnie od chwili wpisania adresu okolica w przegladarce internetowej, badz przez opowiesc linku az do tej strony czy tez linku do konkretnego zasobu. Nastepnie przegladarka wysyla do serwera WWW, na kt?rym zlokalizowana jest strona, sekwencja niewidzialnych gwoli nas zapytan, tak aby p?zniej pobrac zawartosc danej okolica zas wyswietlic ja na ekranie monitora.
Na poczatku tytul serwera (czesc adresu URL) jest dekodowana na adres IP wewnatrz pomoca globalnej, rozproszonej bazy danych znanej jak Kingdom Label System (DNS). Adres IP jest niezbedny, by m?c polaczyc sie z danym serwerem. Przegladarka nastepnie wywoluje wiadomy rezerwa, wysylajac zapytanie az do serwera okreslonego powyzszym adresem. W przypadku typowej okolica internetowej, przegladarka najprz?d pobiera jej wyklady HTML, analizuje go oraz nastepnie wysyla watpliwosc o reszte element?w wchodzacych w jej sklad (zdjecia, grafika, dzwieki, video, animacje). Statystyki mierzace popularnosc stron na og?l sa oparte o liczbe odwiedzin jednakze r?wniez o liczbe wyslanych na serwer zapytan, kt?re mialy miejsce.
Podczas pobierania plik?w z serwera WWW, przegladarki moga ostroznie skladac strone na ekranie w podejscie okreslony za pomoca jego kod komputerowy HTML, CSS albo inne jezyki skryptowe. Wszelkie zdjecia tudziez inne zasoby sa wlaczane do okolica, kt?ra uzytkownik widzi na ekranie. Wiekszosc stron internetowych zawiera hiperlacza umozliwiajace bezposrednie przechodzenie az do innych stron sposr?d nimi powiazanych, gotowych plik?w, kt?re mozna pobierac, dokument?w zr?dlowych, definicji oraz innych zasob?w internetowych. Taki klasa przydatnych material?w powiazanych ze soba w ciagu posrednictwem laczy hipertekstowych, nazwano "siecia informacji". Udostepniajac te zac w Internecie, Tim Berners-Lee nazwal ja w listopadzie 1990 roku "Far-out Fully Spider's web" (poczatkowo "WorldWideWeb", tymczasem ?w zapis zostal p?zniej odrzucony).
Jakie korzysci przynosi WWW[edytuj>
WWW (lub coraz kr?cej: W3) jest realizacja idei nieograniczonego swiata informacji. Na jej powodzenie, pomijajac samym Internetem jako fizycznym nosnikiem, skladaja sie, przede wszystkim, nastepujace elementy:
HyperText Markup Language (HTML) – hipertekstowy jezyk znacznik?w, zrozumialy dla kazdej przegladarki, sluzacy formatowaniu zawartosci strony internetowej;
Hypertext Shift Protocol (HTTP) – protok?l lacznosciowy uzywany do przesylania stron internetowych;
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) – sample identyfikatora zasob?w w Internecie.
Prefiks WWW[edytuj>
Wiele adres?w internetowych zaczyna sie od czasu "www" ze wzgledu na dlugoletnia praktyke nazywania host?w internetowych (serwer?w) zgodnie sposr?d uslugami, kt?re oferowaly. Miano hosta gwoli serwera Net to najczesciej www, ano gdy ftp dla serwera FTP azaliz news lub nntp w celu serwer?w informacyjnych Usenet. Te nazwy host?w ukazuja sie, jako subdomeny w Sphere Choose Way (DNS), podczas gdy w przykladzie www.example.com. Aplikowanie takich subdomen nie jest wymagane. Gl?wny na swiecie serwer Entanglement nazywal sie nxoc01.cern.ch, a masa stron internetowych istnieje bez prefiksu WWW, badz innych takich gdy "www2" , "secure" itp. Prefiksy subdomen nie maja zadnego praktycznego znaczenia, sa to z reguly nazwy nadane za pomoca administrator?w. Bez liku serwer?w internetowych jest no skonfigurowanych, tak aby korzystac sposr?d obu wersji adresu, r?wniez samej domeny () jak tudziez z subdomena (). W praktyce kieruja one uzytkownika dokladnie do tej samej strony.
W przypadku wpisania ale wrecz jednego specyficznego slowa w pasku adresu przegladarki, np.: apple , openoffice aplikowanie sama spr?buje dodac prefiks www oraz konc?wke np.: ".com", ".org" czy tez ".net" natomiast przekieruje nas np. na strone "", jednakowoz . Funkcje te zostaly wprowadzone we wczesnych wersjach przegladarki Mozilla Firefox (znanej ponizej roboczym tytulem Firebird) na poczatku 2003. Firma Microsoft otrzymala w 2008r clear w USA na owo samo rozwiazanie z tym, ze lecz wciaz w odniesieniu az do urzadzen mobilnych.
Przedrostki "http://" natomiast "https://" nalezy rozr?zniac. Hypertext Carry Formality (HTTP) zas HTTP Steady wyznaczaja protok?l komunikacyjny, kt?ry ma zostac uzyty do wysylania zas pobierania zawartosci strony. Protok?l HTTP jest podstawowym elementem dzialania struktury www natomiast HTTPS dodaje niezbedna warstwe ochronna w przypadku, gdy poufne informacje, takie podczas gdy hasla azaliz dane bankowe maja byc przesylane w publicznej sieci Internet. Przegladarki internetowe r?wniez automatycznie dopisuja ?w atmosphere (HTTPS), jesli zostanie jego osoba pominiety. Globalny szkic RFC 2396 okreslajacy postac adres?w internetowych to: ://?# , gdzie owo np. serwer internetowy (jak www.example.com) zas sciezka identyfikuje konkretna podstrone. Serwer przetwarza , kt?re moze np. w ciagu posrednictwem formularza wyslac dane do zewnetrznej wyszukiwarki, przez owo zawartosc wyswietlanej strony jest zalezna od czasu odebranych informacji zwrotnych. nie jest wysylany az do serwera. Okresla kt?ra czesc okolica ma byc wyswietlana uzytkownikowi domyslnie.
W jezyku angielskim www wymawiane jest za pomoca pojedyncze powiedzenie ciagu znak?w (double-u double-u double-u). Niekt?re kregi uzytkownik?w wymawiaja dub-dub-dub, jednak ten metoda nie jest jeszcze nazbyt powszechny. Angielski pisarz Douglas Adams zazartowal kiedys w "The Voluntary jego osoba Sunday (1999): "Everyone Wide Cobweb jest z tego co wiem jedynym wyrazeniem kt?rego skr?cona rodzaj jest trzy razy dluzsza od pelnej". Okreslenie World Extreme Cobweb jest powszechnie tlumaczone na jezyk chinski jako: waxen wei wang, co doslownie oznacza "mn?stwo wymiar?w sieci". Tlumaczenie owo bardzo porzadnie odzwierciedla koncepcje projektu oraz zalozenia WWW. Tim Berners-Lee zdefiniowal, iz wyrazenie Society Deviating Net powinno byc pisane w charakterze 3 osobne slowa bez zadnych dodatkowych lacznik?w.
Prywatnosc[edytuj>
Uzytkownicy komputer?w, kt?rzy oszczedzaja okres a pieniadze, oraz takze ci, kt?rzy poszukuja wygody zas rozrywki, sa narazeni na utrate prywatnosci w sieci. Na calym swiecie nad p?l miliarda os?b korzysta z serwis?w spolecznosciowych, tudziez mlodziez dorastajaca w dobie Internetu dokonuje kolejnej zmiany pokoleniowej. Sposr?d Facebooka, poczatkowo rozpowszechnionego posr?d amerykanskich student?w, korzysta dzis powyzej 70% uzytkownik?w sposr?d innych panstw niz USA. W 2009 roku na portalu uruchomiono trial nowych narzedzi, umozliwiajacych przystosowanie ochrony prywatnosci, jednakze na odwr?t 20% uzytkownik?w rozpoczelo korzystanie sposr?d nich. Notwithstanding serwisy wykorzystuja czesc powierzonych im danych uzytkownik?w az do cel?w reklamowych. Osoba korzystajaca sposr?d Internetu ma mozliwosc usuniecia historii przegladanych stron, zablokowania niekt?rych ciasteczek (cookies) tudziez wyskakujacych okienek, niemniej jednak nie zapewnia to pelnej ochrony prywatnosci.
Bezpieczenstwo[edytuj>
Siec Network stala sie otwarta rozwiazanie dla przestepc?w rozprzestrzeniajacych zlosliwe aplikacja. Cyberprzestepczosc prowadzona w internecie moze skladac sie sposr?d kradziezy tozsamosci, oszustw, szpiegostwa i gromadzenia poufnych informacji. Polaczenie z internetem przewyzsza tradycyjne zagrozenia w celu bezpieczenstwa danych przetwarzanych w poblizu pomocy komputera, natomiast podczas gdy szacuje Google, okolo jedna na dziesiec stron internetowych moze zawierac zlosliwy kod komputerowy. Wiekszosc atak?w opartych na sieci Trap odbywa sie sposr?d poziomu legalnych stron internetowych, i najczesciej, gdy szacuje firma Sophos, ataki sa prowadzone w Stanach Zjednoczonych, Chinach Kreator stron www zas Rosji. Najpowszechniejszym typem zagrozen jest SQL injection. Za pomoca jezyka HTML i URI siec Network zostala r?wniez narazona na ataki, takie kiedy cross-site scripting (XSS), kt?re pojawily sie pospolu sposr?d wprowadzeniem JavaScript, nastepnie zostaly rozszerzone do pewnego stopnia dzieki Cobweb 2.0 a Ajax, uzywajace duzych ilosci skrypt?w. Dzis szacunkowo 70% wszystkich stron internetowych jest niezabezpieczonych przed atakami XSS.
Archiwizacja stron WWW[edytuj>
Z bezzwlocznie czasu masa zasob?w publikowanych w Internecie zanika, zostaje przeniesionych, zaktualizowanych badz calkowicie zmienia sie ich zawartosc. Owo sprawia, ze niekt?re odnosniki staja sie przestarzale. Okresla sie je w tamtym czasie mianem "martwych odnosnik?w" (ang. dead links). Stew ?w spowodowal, ze podjeto dzialania zaradcze, oraz np. Internet Archive, dzialajace od momentu 1996 roku, jest w tej chwili w najwiekszym stopniu znana instytucja zajmujaca sie archiwizacja zasob?w Internetu.
Standaryzacja[edytuj>
Funkcjonowanie World Wide Network w Internecie oraz obocznosc informacji pomiedzy komputerami opiera sie na wielu standardach natomiast specyfikacjach technicznych. Duza czesc tych dokument?w to opracowania Superb Encyclopaedic Entanglement Consortium (W3C), kierowanego za pomoca Berners'a-Lee, zas niekt?re sposr?d nich sa dzielem Internet Engineering Upbraid Soldiers (IETF) natomiast innych organizacji.
Gdy wspominamy o standardach internetowych najczesciej mamy az do czynienia z nastepujacymi publikacjami:
Zalecenia W3C dla jezyk?w znacznik?w, zwlaszcza HTML zas XHTML. Okreslaja whole struktury interpretacji dokument?w hipertekstowych.
Zalecenia W3C w celu arkuszy styl?w, zwlaszcza CSS.
Standardy ECMAScript (zazwyczaj w formie JavaScript), z ECMA International.
Zalecenia W3C dotyczace modelowania dokument?w obiektowych.
Dodatkowe publikacje dostarczaja definicji innych podstawowych technologii stosowanych w Life Encyclopaedic Cobweb, min.:
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), kto jest uniwersalnym systemem odniesien az do zasob?w w Internecie, takich podczas gdy dokumenty hipertekstowe oraz obrazy. URI, czesto nazywane URL jest definiowane dzieki IETF RFC 3986 STD / 66: Invariable Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax.
Protok?l HTTP, i ostro RFC 2616: HTTP/1.1 i RFC 2617: Autoryzacja HTTP, kt?re okreslaja, gdy przegladark
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(Zob. tez: Zarzadzanie, Koordynowanie)
Inne definicje zarzadzania:
Zarzadzanie jest sztuka osiagania zamierzonych rezultatów za pomoca innych ludzi, zarzadzajacy (menedzerowie) osiagaja cele organizacji na skros organizowanie pracy innych, oraz nie przy uzyciu wykonywanie zadan osobiscie.
Zarzadzanie to dzialalnosc kierownicza polegajaca na ustalaniu celów zas powodowaniu ich realizacji w organizacjach podleglych zarzadzajacemu, na podstawie wlasnosci srodków produkcji badz dyspozycji nimi (wg Gilinskiego).
Zarzadzanie to dzialanie polegajace na dysponowaniu zasobami (wg prof. T. Pszczolowskiego).
Zarzadzanie owo zestaw dzialan (planowanie, organizowanie, motywowanie, kontrola) skierowanych na zasoby organizacji (ludzkie, finansowe, rzeczowe, informacyjne) wykorzystywanych z zamiarem osiagniecia celów organizacji. (wg Griffina).
Zarzadzanie to porzadkowanie chaosu (wg prof. B.R. Kuca)
W odniesieniu do organizacji gospodarczych w miejsce slowa kierowanie uzywa sie niekiedy terminu administracja biznesu (ang. Business Administration). Zadanie administracji biznesu ujmuje krótkie okreslenie: "Administracja biznesu ma dac mozliwosc, aby zostalo zrobione owo, co ma istniec zrobione". Kierowanie biznesu jest dyscyplina akademicka, natomiast lancuch uniwersytetów zas szkól biznesu nadaje stopien magistra z tej dyscypliny (Master of Business Administration, w skrócie MBA).
Spis tresci [ukryj]
1 Przedmiot zarzadzania
2 Kwestia zarzadzania w organizacjach
3 Zarzadzanie operacyjne - zarzadzanie czynnikami konkurencyjnosci
4 Inne podmioty zarzadzania
5 Teoretycy zarzadzania
6 Zobacz tez
7 Linki zewnetrzne
Przedmiot zarzadzania[edytuj]
Podmiot zarzadzajacy nie furt jest tym, kto wyznacza cele. Przykladem takiej sytuacji moze byc organizacja wojskowa, która ma az do spelnienia okreslona misje, jednakze ani niewiasta sama, ani jej dowódcy (podmioty zarzadzajace) nie formuluja tej misji. Formuluja jednakze zadania (co jest az do zrobienia) tudziez okreslaja wartosci docelowe (ang. targets), alias wyniki, jakie wypada osiagnac. Przyklad ów pokazuje, ze organizacja jest srodkiem osiagania celów, zas z tej przyczyny jest przedmiotem zarzadzania. Inne typowe przedmioty zarzadzania majace tozsamosc owo gospodarstwo, ansambl ludzi, czlon. Zwykle wypelniaja one klasyczne funkcje zarzadzania, tym samym - wyjawszy wyjatki - powiemy, ze kwestia zarzadzania majacy tozsamosc jest na pelnia podmiotem zarzadzania.
Z wyjatkiem szczególnych przypadków, podczas gdy np. zarzadzanie osobistym budzetem za posrednictwem pojedyncza osobe wzglednie dyrygowanie gospodarstwa w pelni samowystarczalnego, osiaganie zamierzonych wyników zalezy po czesci od dzialania innych podmiotów. Tym samym kierowanie obejmuje takze relacje (zwiazki) podmiotu sposród otoczeniem.
Kazdy podmiot w swym dzialaniu wykorzystuje zasoby. Zasoby sa przedmiotem zarzadzania. Az do najwazniejszych naleza zasoby ludzkie (sila robocza tudziez jej kwalifikacje), zasoby finansowe, aktywa materialne (srodki trwale) i czas. Ostatnimi czasy coraz wiekszego znaczenia w dzialaniu organizacji nabieraja zasoby srodowiska naturalnego tudziez zasoby niematerialne (np. licencje, prawa autorskie), madrosc natomiast relacje z otoczeniem spoleczno-gospodarczym zaliczane az do zasobów kapitalu niematerialnego (ang. intangibles, intangible capital). Totez w zarzadzaniu zasobami wyrózniamy najczesciej:
zarzadzanie zasobami ludzkimi,
zarzadzanie finansowe,
zarzadzanie aktywami,
zarzadzanie czasem,
zarzadzanie srodowiskiem,
zarzadzanie wiedza,
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zarzadzanie kultura
zarzadzanie relacjami, przede wszystkim istotne ostatnimi czasy administracja zwiazkami sposród klientem,
zarzadzanie kapitalem niematerialnym,
zarzadzanie problemami,
zarzadzanie konfliktami,
zarzadzanie stresem,
zarzadzanie jakoscia,
zarzadzanie ryzykiem,
zarzadzanie emocjami,
zarzadzanie nieruchomosciami,
zarzadzanie wartoscia firmy - Value Based Management.
Przedmiot zarzadzania w organizacjach[edytuj]
Przeznaczeniem organizacji jest systematyzowanie (porzadkowanie) dzialania jej uczestników w taki metoda, izby realizowala swa misje, osiagala pozadane wyniki ewentualnie wykonywala swe zadania przy optymalnym wykorzystaniu (zuzyciu) zasobów.
Przedmiotem zarzadzania ogólnego (ang. General Management) jest zrzeszenie w charakterze zespól. Do zadan zarzadzania ogólnego nalezy kierowanie strategiczne, formowanie struktur organizacyjnych a kierowanie zasobami ludzkimi oraz aktywami. Z wyjatkiem tego w nowym paradygmacie zarzadzania kladzie sie szeroki nacisk na rzad natomiast budowanie kultury korporacyjnej.
Przedmiotem zarzadzania funkcjonalnego sa zadania czy tez autonomicznych czesci organizacji, które nazywamy funkcjami. Zgodnie z jednej z definicji (H. James Harrington) stolek w organizacji to ansambl ludzi wykonujacych owo samo funkcja. Najwazniejsza dziedzina zarzadzania funkcjonalnego jest kierowanie operacjami, utozsamiane onegdaj z zarzadzaniem produkcja, oraz dzien dzisiejszy czestokroc okreslane ogólniej w charakterze zarzadzanie wytwarzaniem wyrobów tudziez uslug. Wspólczesnie wzgledne donioslosc zarzadzania funkcjonalnego zmniejsza sie, skoro w coraz to wiekszym stopniu uzupelniane jest ono natomiast po czesci zastepowane zarzadzaniem procesowym.
Przechodzenie sposród zarzadzania funkcjonalnego na administracja procesowe jest zjawiskiem charakterystycznym dla wspomnianej zmiany paradygmatu zarzadzania. W tym nowym paradygmacie kierowanie operacjami wolno traktowac jako administracja czynnikami konkurencyjnosci.
Zarzadzanie operacyjne - zarzadzanie czynnikami konkurencyjnosci[edytuj]
Wyróznia sie trójka klasyczne czynniki konkurencyjnosci: jakosc, koszt i roznoszenie. Poreka wymaganej przez gielda jakosci produktu (wyrobu badz uslugi lub pakietu produkty+uslugi), kosztu nabycia a uzytkowania produktu i wymaganej ilosci, róznorodnosci, terminowosci dostaw produktu i szybkosci realizacji zamówien decyduje o konkurencyjnosci produktu, czyli o jego atrakcyjnosci rynkowej w porównaniu sposród innymi produktami. Nie zwazajac na czynników klasycznych duzego znaczenia nabieraja ostatnio takie czynniki, kiedy bieglosc obslugi klientów (ang. Customer Service) a cechy jakosci wykraczajace prócz forma konstrukcji i wykonania, np. ekologicznosc zas bezpieczenstwo produktu i procesu produkcji.
Zapewnienie jakosci na postepowanie uporzadkowany jest zadaniem kontroli jakosci. Obserwacja jakosci jest funkcja organizacyjna. Dogladanie jakosci wykonuje swoje obowiazek w ten postepowanie, ze z wytworzonych produktów wybiera produkty spelniajace wymagania oraz kwalifikuje je jak nadajace sie az do przekazania klientowi zewnetrznemu badz wewnetrznemu. Produkty nie spelniajace wymagan zostaja odrzucone za posrednictwem kontrole jakosci oraz kierowane az do poprawek, do naprawy badz az do zlomowania.
Zapewnienie jakosci na badania nowoczesny (w nowym paradygmacie zarzadzania) polega na zapewnieniu doskonalosci procesu wytwarzania i dostarczania. Podstawa takiego postepowania jest stwierdzenie, ze gdyby dzielo na kazdym etapie procesu jest wysokiej jakosci, owo na wyjsciu procesu powstaje produkt wysokiej jakosci. W praktyce parametry charakteryzujace postac produktu musza implikowac sie w okreslonych tudziez waskich granicach. Gdyby w gruncie rzeczy jest, mówi sie, iz bieg jest nieruchomy. Kiedy natomiast zostanie stwierdzone, iz którys sposród parametrów jakosci produktu nie miesci sie w zadanych granicach, nalezy poszukac w procesie miejsc, które sa przyczyna defektu, oraz z kolei odwolac owe przyczyny. W ów badania realizowane jest sprzezenie zwrotne miedzy wyjsciem procesu, a miejscami w procesie decydujacymi o jego doskonalosci.
Opisany procedura sterowania procesem jest istota Kompleksowego Systemu Sterowania z wykorzystaniem Postac - (ang. TQC - Total Quality Control). W praktyce olbrzymia gros procesów owo procesy nieciagle. W takich procesach równiez przetwarzanie, gdy a stan produktu na wyjsciu maja nature statystyczna. W odniesieniu az do takich przypadków zas w odniesieniu az do procesów biznesowych mówimy o statystycznym sterowaniu procesami (ang. SPC - Statistical Process Control).
Zarzadzanie kosztami na procedura szablonowy ma na celu redukcje kosztów dzialania organizacji. Duet najpowszechniejsze srodki prowadzace az do tego to kontroling kosztów polegajacy na narzuceniu dyscypliny budzetowej (patrz: budzet, budzetowanie) wszystkim komórkom organizacyjnym i czynienie oszczednosci.
W zarzadzaniu procesowym zamiast o redukcji kosztów mówi sie o redukcji strat. Podstawa programu redukcji strat jest podzial strat. W odniesieniu az do niektórych procesów natomiast funkcji, takich gdy bieg produkcji, jednakowoz utrzymanie ruchu, punktem wyjscia az do klasyfikacji strat jest segmentacja standardowa (np. siódemka rodzajów strat produkcyjnych, tzw. Szesc Wielkich Strat w pierwszym standardzie Total Productive Maintenance, szesnascie glównych strat w drugim standardzie tego systemu). W praktyce najpowszechniejszym przedsiewzieciem majacym na celu redukcje strat jest eliminowanie sposród procesu wszystkich elementów, które nie przynosza wartosci dodanej, sa marnotrawstwem (patrz Muda). Przedsiewzieciem kompleksowym jest wyszczuplanie procesów (ang. streamlining). Najczesciej nie ogranicza sie ono do eliminowania elementów zbednych, chociaz wymaga przeprojektowania procesu. Podstawowa metodologia wyszczuplania procesów, równiez produkcyjnych jak natomiast biznesowych, jest mechanika przemyslowa - metanauka wspierajaca administracja operacyjne, traktowana nierzadko w charakterze samodzielna odcinek zarzadzania.
Najprostszy kazus konkurowania w oparciu o koszty to rywalizacja cenowa. Na niektórych rynkach, przede wszystkim rynkach profesjonalnych, wysoka zaplata produktu jest akceptowana pod spodem warunkiem niskich kosztów eksploatacji produktu a niskich kosztów wylaczenia produktu sposród eksploatacji. W takich przypadkach artykul konkurencyjny kosztowo owo produkt o niskim koszcie cyklu zycia.
Dostawa w charakterze czynnik konkurencyjnosci jest wlasciwie wiazka kilku róznych czynników, które - zaleznie od czasu sytuacja (gl. od czasu obszaru produktowo-rynkowego i sytuacji konkurencyjnej) - maja wieksze ewentualnie mniejsze waznosc. Do najwazniejszych sposród nich wypada solidnosc dostaw, inaczej wypelniacz za pomoca dostawce obietnic dotyczacych terminu dostawy. Dzisiaj rosnie ranga szybkosci dostaw, alias czasu, jaki uplywa od momentu otrzymania zamówienia dzieki dostawce do momentu dostarczenia towaru na miejsce przeznaczenia. Czynnikiem podstawowym jest poreka wymaganej ilosci towaru, przeciez w ramach tego rosnie znaczenie róznorodnosci produktów. Gielda wymaga jako ze coraz to z wiekszym natezeniem róznorodnych produktów dostarczanych raz po raz czesciej natomiast w raz po raz mniejszych partiach. Spelnienie tego warunku wymaga elastycznosci systemu produkcyjnego, która jest tym wieksza, im krótszy okres natomiast mniejszy koszt przestawiania (przezbrajania - patrz SMED).
Jak wspomniano do góry, forma, cena zas dostawa nie sa jedynymi czynnikami konkurencyjnosci. Zapewnienie pozostalych waznych teraz czynników konkurencyjnosci odbywa sie na skros administracja srodowiskiem a kierowanie bezpieczenstwem.
Wyszczuplanie procesu przewaznie prowadzi jednoczesnie az do jego przyspieszenia.
Prawidlowo prowadzone przeprojektowanie procesu pozwala uzyskac naraz redukcje kosztów i poprawe jakosci produktu. Przeprojektowanie radykalne procesów biznesowych owo reengineering, który stosowany jest obecnie niezwykle z rzadka, albowiem radykalizm jego metodologii przynosi w warunkach przemyslowych na pelnia wiecej efektów negatywnych, anizeli pozytywnych. Az do mniej radykalnych metodologii doskonalenia procesów naleza Business Process Redesigning i Ulepszanie Procesów Biznesowych (ang. Business Process Improvement).
Inne podmioty zarzadzania[edytuj]
Gospodarka przyswajajaca (zbieractwo, polowanie, rybactwo, pierwotne rolnictwo) wykorzystuje ograniczone zasoby naturalne, tym samym jej celem jest nie nic bardziej blednego akwizycja zas wykorzystanie tych zasobów, pomimo tego takze ich ochrona. Wystepuja po tej stronie przeciwnie niektóre, niezbedne elementy zarzadzania, jak dezintegracja pracy, planowanie robót gospodarskich a koordynowanie ich natomiast proste czynnosci administracyjne, kiedy rejestracja inwentarza.
W gospodarce pierwotnej (samowystarczalnej) równie podczas gdy w gospodarce przyswajajacej i w wielu formach gospodarki kolektywnej (np. zagospodarowanie dzialów wodnych, system gospodarczy lesna) praca na ogól nie ma ustalonej ceny, tedy nie musi zdarzac sie tu w ogóle administracja finansowe. Nie wystepuje tedy zarzadzanie strategiczne, i zarzadzanie operacyjne ogranicza sie do organizacji pracy.
W gospodarstwach rolnych oraz w najprostszych formach dzialalnosci gospodarczej, podczas gdy znikomy kupiectwo, uslugi zas wyrób (rzemioslo) wystepuja elementy strategii i zarzadzania zasobami (poniewaz wystepuje substytucja pracy, kapitalu a energii), kierowanie jakoscia natomiast organizacja pracy. Kategoria wynikowa jest tedy dochód czy tez zarobek, wystepuje dlatego administracja zakupami, przeciez nie wystepuje zarzadzanie kosztami.
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Szczególna dziedzina zarzadzania jest administracja osobiste, którego podmiotem jest czlon, natomiast przedmiotem na pelnia jej budzet czasu. Kierowanie od czasu do czasu w srodku paragraf wyjscia bierze uswiadomienie sobie przez jednostke hierarchii wartosci dotyczacej tego, co jest gwoli niej grunt w jej zyciu. Celem jest racjonalne gospodarowanie czasami, tzn. alokowanie go wg priorytetów wynikajacych z owej refleksji. Zdolnosc zarzadzania czasem bywa plus istotnym atutem pracownika w organizacji.
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Historycznie najwczesniejsza, w pelni dojrzala dziedzina zarzadzania jest zarzadzanie terytorialna tudziez panstwowa. Najwczesniej uksztaltowala sie zarzadzanie w miejsce (prawdopodobnie w 2 polowie VI tysiaclecia p.n.e.), bowiem miasta powstaly nim powstaly panstwa.
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